Cesar Chavez Bio Civil Rights Activist, Folk Hero

Cesar Chavez (1927 to 1993) was an iconic Mexican American labor organizer, civil rights activist, and folk hero who dedicated his life to improving the pay and working conditions of farm workers. Originally a struggling Southern California field worker himself, Chavez, along with Dolores Huerta, co-founded the United Farm Workers union (UFW) in 1962. With the unexpected success of the UFW, Chavez gained the support of the larger American labor movement, helping unions far beyond California recruit much-needed Hispanic members. His aggressive, yet strictly non-violent approach to social activism helped the cause of the farm workers’ movement gain support from the public nationwide. Fast Facts: Cesar Chavez Full Name: Cesar Estrada ChavezKnown for: Labor union organizer and leader, Civil rights activist, Champion of non-violent social activismBorn: on March 31, 1927, near Yuma, ArizonaDied: April 23, 1993, in San Luis, ArizonaParents: Librado Chavez and Juana EstradaEducation: Left school in seventh gradeKey Accomplishments: Co-founded the United Farm Workers’ Union (1962), Instrumental in passage of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (1975), Instrumental in the inclusion of amnesty provisions in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986Major Awards and Honors: Jefferson Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged (1973), Presidential Medal of Freedom (1994), California Hall of Fame (2006)Spouse: Helen Fabela (married 1948)Children: Eight; three sons and five daughtersNotable Quotation: â€Å"There’s no turning back †¦ We will win. We are winning because ours is a revolution of mind and heart.† Long embraced as a folk hero by the Latino community, Chavez remains an iconic figure among labor organizers, civil rights leaders, and Hispanic empowerment groups. Many schools, parks, and streets are named for him, and his birthday, March 31, is a federal holiday observed in California, Texas, and other states.  In the 2008 presidential campaign, Barack Obama used Chavez’s famous rallying cry of â€Å"Sà ­, se puede!†Ã¢â‚¬â€Spanish for, â€Å"Yes, we can!†Ã¢â‚¬â€as his slogan. In 1994, a year after his death, Chavez was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Bill Clinton. Early Life Cesar Estrada Chavez was born near Yuma, Arizona, on March 31, 1927. The son of Librado Chavez and Juana Estrada, he had two brothers, Richard and Librado, and two sisters, Rita and Vicki. After losing their grocery store, ranch, and small adobe house during the Great Depression, the family moved to California in 1938, looking for work as migrant farm workers. In June 1939, the family moved to a small Mexican American settlement near San Jose, prophetically called Sal Si Puedes—Spanish for â€Å"Get Out If You Can.† While chasing the harvest around California, Chavez and his family rarely lived in one place for more than a few months. Picking peas and lettuce in the winter, cherries, and beans in the spring, corn, and grapes in the summer, and cotton in the fall, the family dealt with the hardships, low pay, social discrimination, and poor working conditions commonly faced by migrant farm workers at the time. Not wanting his mother to have to work in the fields, Chavez dropped out of school to become a full-time farm worker in 1942, never completing the seventh grade. Despite his lack of formal education, Chavez read extensively on philosophy, history, economics, and organized labor, once commenting, â€Å"The end of all education should surely be service to others.† From 1946 to 1948, Chavez served in the United States Navy. Though he had hoped to learn skills in the Navy that would help him advance in civilian life, he called his Navy tour, â€Å"the two worst years of my life.† Activism, the United Farm Workers Union After completing his military duty, Chavez worked the fields until 1952, when he went to work as an organizer for the Community Service Organization (CSO), a San Jose-based Latino civil rights group. With getting Mexican Americans registered to vote as his first task, he traveled throughout California delivering speeches demanding fair pay and better working conditions for farm workers. By 1958, he had become national director of the CSO. It was during his time with the CSO that Chavez studied St. Francis and Gandhi, deciding to adopt their methods of nonviolent activism. Chavez left the CSO in 1962 to partner with labor leader Dolores Huerta to found the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), later renamed the United Farm Workers (UFW). During its early years, the new union managed to recruit only a few members. That began to change in September 1965, when Chavez and the UFW added their support to the Filipino American farm workers’ Delano, California grape strike demanding higher wages for grape field workers. In December 1965, Chavez, along with United Automobile Workers union president Walter Reuther, led California grape workers on a historic 340-mile protest march from Delano to Sacramento. In March 1966, the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Migratory Labor responded by holding hearings in Sacramento, during which Sen. Robert F. Kennedy expressed his support for the striking farm workers. During the grape strike and the Delano to Sacramento protest march, the UFW grew to over 50,000 dues-paying members. Chavez’s efforts in the grape march spurred similar strikes and marches by farm workers from Texas to Wisconsin and Ohio during 1966 and 1967. During the early 1970s, the UFW organized the largest farm worker strike in U.S. history—the 1970 Salad Bowl strike. During the series of strikes and boycotts, lettuce growers reportedly lost nearly $500,000 a day as the shipment of fresh lettuce nationwide virtually ceased. Chavez, as the UFW organizer, was arrested and jailed for refusing to obey a California state court order to stop the strike and boycott. During his 13 days in a Salinas city jail, Chavez was visited by farm worker movement supporters including Olympic gold medal-winning decathlete Rafer Johnson, Coretta Scott King, widow of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ethel Kennedy, widow of Robert Kennedy. Along with strikes and boycotts, Chavez undertook a number of hunger strikes he called â€Å"spiritual fasts† intended to draw public attention to the farm workers’ cause. During his last such strike in 1988, Chavez fasted for 35 days, losing 30 pounds, and suffering health problems believed to have contributed to his death in 1993. Chavez on Mexican Immigration Chavez and the UFW opposed the Bracero Program, a U.S. government-sponsored program that recruited millions of Mexican citizens to enter the U.S. as temporary farms workers from 1942 to 1964. While the program provided needed labor during World War II, Chavez and Dolores Huerta felt that with the War long-past, the program exploited the migrant Mexican workers while denying Mexican American workers a chance to find jobs. Chavez spoke out against the fact that many Bracero workers faced unfairly low pay, racial discrimination, and brutal working conditions, they could not protest their treatment out of fear of being easily replaced. The efforts of Chavez, Huerta, and their UFW contributed to Congress’ decision to end the Bracero Program in 1964. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Chavez organized marches throughout California protesting growers’ use of undocumented immigrant workers as strikebreakers. The UFW directed its members to report undocumented immigrants to U.S. authorities, and in 1973, set up a â€Å"wet line† along the Mexican border to prevent Mexican citizens from entering the United States illegally.   However, the UFW would later become one of the first labor unions to oppose government imposed sanctions against growers who hired undocumented immigrants. During the 1980s, Chavez played a key role in getting Congress to include amnesty provisions for undocumented immigrants in the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986. These provisions allowed undocumented immigrants who had entered the U.S. before January 1, 1982, and met other requirements to remain in the United States as legal permanent residents.  Ã‚   Legislative Efforts When California elected pro-labor Jerry Brown as governor in 1974, Chavez saw a chance to achieve the UFW’s goals at the legislative level. When Brown’s support of migrant farm workers seemed to cool after he took office in 1975, Chavez organized a 110-mile march from San Francisco to Modesto. While only a few hundred UFW leaders and protestors left San Francisco on February 22, more than 15,000 people had joined the march by the time it reached Modesto on March 1. The size and media coverage of the Modesto march convinced Brown and several state legislators that the UFW still had significant public support and political clout.  In June 1975, California farm workers, at last, won collective bargaining rights when Governor Brown signed the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (ALRA). By 1980, Chavez’s peaceful brand of activism had forced growers in California, Texas, and Florida to recognize the UFW as the sole collective bargaining agent for more than 50,000 farm workers. UFW Suffers Downturns Despite the passage of the ALRA, the UFW quickly lost momentum. The union steadily lost the more than 140 labor contracts it held with growers as they learned how to fight the ALRA in court.  In addition, a series of internal problems and personal conflicts over union policy during the early 1980s resulted in many key UFW employees either quitting or being fired. While Chavez’s status as a revered hero to the Latino community and farmworkers everywhere was never challenged, the UFW’s membership continued to fall, dropping to fewer than 20,000 members by 1992. Marriage and Personal Life After he returned from the Navy in 1948, Chavez married Helen Fabela, his sweetheart since high school. The couple settled in Delano, California, where they had eight children. A devout Catholic, Chavez often cited his faith as influencing both his non-violent brand of social activism and his personal outlook. As a believer in animal rights and the health benefits of a meatless diet, he was known to be a meticulous vegan. Death Chavez died at age 66 of natural causes on April 23, 1993, in San Luis, Arizona, while visiting the home of his longtime friend and former farm worker Dofla Maria Hau. He had traveled to Arizona to testify in a court hearing dealing with a 17-year-old lawsuit against the UFW filed by an agribusiness firm that, ironically, owned the land Chavez’s family had once farmed. Chavez is buried in the garden of the Cesar E. Chavez National Monument in Keene, California. His ever-present black nylon UFW union jacket is displayed in the National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. On April 23, 2015, the 22nd anniversary of his death, he was given full graveside honors from the U.S. Navy. Sources The Story of Cesar Chavez United Farm Workers.Tajada-Flores, Rick. The Fight in the Fields — Cesar Chavez and the Farm Workers Struggle. iTVS Public Broadcasting, (1998).â€Å"Today in labor history: United Farm Workers launch the lettuce boycott.† People’s Word (August 24, 2015).

The Poverty Trap Of Africa - 1689 Words

Christian Deeter Mr. Andrews English 11 AP 22 October 2014 The Poverty Trap Imagine a small village in Africa. What images come to mind? Is it small huts in a desolate village? Or how about exotic animals? The truth is that although some of these descriptions are accurate, they tend to leave out the pain and suffering of people. Every day 21,000 children die throughout different parts of the world (Shah). These deaths are the result of poverty as well as the conditions that come with it. Being in poverty is so much more than just not having money. Hunger, lack of resources, and wars plague developing countries, all of which have to do with poverty. Around 870 million people in the world are severely undernourished ( 2013 World Hunger). With 7.1 billion people living in the world this means that 1 in 8 of them aren’t getting enough food to sustain what their bodies need (2013 World Hunger). Not surprisingly though 852 million of the hungry live in developing countries (2013 World Hunger). What causes the developing countries to be so f ar behind the rest of the world when it comes to lacking the basic resources needed by every human being? Dictionary.com defines a developing country as â€Å"a country having a standard of living well below that possible with financial or technical aid† (Dictionary). Looking at this definition, it’s easy to understand why world hunger isn’t its own problem, but connected to the poverty levels. There’s a saying that goes money makes the worldShow MoreRelatedCauses Of Hunger1015 Words   |  5 Pagessix major causes of hunger in the world. The poverty trap, lack of investment in agriculture, climate as well as weather, war displacement, unstable markets, and food wastage. Due to the increasingly interconnectivity of the global community these issues often cross borders and are increasingly interconnected. 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Bush and Branson Dichotomies of Power Free Essays

Jane Jacob’s book, Systems of Survival, discusses two types of ethical or value systems governing our working lives, with each one the complete foil of the other. These two systems describe the framework by which we operate day to day, procuring our needs and securing our own territories. It is interesting to note that while the two systems in question are polar opposites, there are several instances where organizations use a combination of the two. We will write a custom essay sample on Bush and Branson: Dichotomies of Power or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is worth mentioning that while the two are indeed different, both, as products of their own unique environment, are equally necessary and valid to the circumstances in which they arise and within the context of their use. There are times when one system leverages another for its own advantage. The two systems are Guardian Moral Syndrome and the Commercial Moral Syndrome. From their names alone, it is easy to guess their differences from one another. The first model, the Guardian Moral Syndrome, generally refers to people or agencies that are protective or defensive in nature. Examples of guardians are the military and the police, organizations which employ force in order to achieve its goals. The Commercial Model Syndrome is used by commercial or business entities. The commercials use trade in order to advance its interests. The main argument of Jacobs’ book is that our world uses only two methods to acquire resources and those are to trade in an atmosphere of symbiosis, or take another’s resources by force under the pretense of a variety of reasons. As Paquet Gilles explains, â€Å"Guardian moral syndrome underpinning hierarchical system, and commercial moral syndrome underpinning market-type organizations.(1999, p. 35) In this regard, this paper will try to differentiate the two systems more clearly by citing two famous personalities who embody each system or model and try to explain their actions in light of the values that define each system. Guardian Moral Syndrome: George W. Bush It is perhaps unfortunate to be the President of the United States at the time when the September 11 World Trade Canter attack took place. Imagine the burden of responsibility, made more difficult to bear with the whole world watching your every move. George W. Bush, the current President of the United States made the decision to retaliate and take an offensive stance against terrorism, saying that it was a necessary move to protect his country. Soon after the 9-11 attacks, the United States, backed by its international allies waged a war on Afghanistan to free the country from the iron grip of the Taliban rule. By doing so, Bush redefined the concept of terrorism from nameless, stateless entities, to one that is closely associated with the country that is giving them safe passage (Moens, 2004, p. 164). A country that harbors a terrorist shares in the sin and will suffer the consequences of doing so. Up to now, even the face of growing dissent, Bush has continued its war against terrorism. After Afghanistan, Bush went on to attack Iraq and weed out Saddam Hussein. While he was successful at bringing Hussein down, the long drawn out war in Iraq is hugely unpopular in the United States. Bush is receiving increasingly heated criticism from his own country. From receiving the highest approval rating immediately following the 9-11 attacks, his ratings plummeted to a level lowest in recent history. According to Sammon, Bush defends his position by saying that terrorism is not a criminal offense, but an act of war. (2006, p. 25). It is very plain to see how Bush is exhibiting the Moral Guardian Syndrome. He does not hesitate to use force to advance his own cause. Perhaps encouraged by the success of the Afghanistan campaign, he truly believes that he can rid the world of terrorists. Values such as exert prowess, take vengeance, deceive for the sake of task, be fatalistic, can be seen in Bush’s leadership style. Primarily, it is the unflinching willingness to use physical force that defines Bush’s presidency. In order to protect his territory and resources, he embraces force and stands his ground. The use of military might to exact vengeance and uphold a way of life holds true with the Guardian Moral Syndrome. In fact, the need for righteous revenge was what galvanized the United States soon after the World Trade Center was attacked, killing thousands of people. Bush capitalized on his country’s united call for justice in order to indefinitely maintain his war against terrorists and extremists. He protects his turf by actively seeking out and eliminating those who threaten his territory and he does so with firm belief in his cause. Bush personifies the guardian moral syndrome because the use of righteous force governs his thoughts and actions. He remains faithful to the cause and is more than willing to pay the price for his advocacy and beliefs. Commercial Model Syndrome: Sir Richard Branson Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson is the owner of the Virgin group of companies. He was born in Surrey, England and is currently the fifth richest man in the United Kingdom. Branson is a high school dropout because his dyslexia was getting in the way of his learning. His teachers, who did not know any better at that time thought he was a slow learner. Whatever shortcomings Richard had in his academic life, he made up with his entrepreneurial spirit, Richard has always been enterprising, venturing into businesses at a young age. He was 21 years when he opened his first record store in 1971. In the 1980’s, Branson’s Virgin record label grew rapidly, spurred primarily by his flamboyant and competitive style. What started out as a small record store is now a globally-recognized brand. A big part of Branson’s early success was the choice of name for his business, but foremost was his passion and faith for what he is doing. He was focused and had his eye on the goal from day one. He leveraged his small successes in order to take on grander undertakings. Fridson describes Branson’s success. â€Å"The unconventionality reflected in Branson’s managerial style is a personality trait that made him a highly successful innovator throughout his career. † (1999, p. 226) Branson breaks the mold of the traditional successful businessman (Nelson and Quick, p. 111). Nevertheless, he is still remains to be a classic example of the commercial moral syndrome and is a good case in point. Among all the values embodied by the commercial moral syndrome, Branson is the epitome of optimism. He had explicit faith in his own success, and the positive expectations he had for himself became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as evidenced by his Virgin conglomerate. Aside from his optimism, Branson is also industrious and efficient, and does not balk at the competition. However, it should be noted that among all of Branson’s traits as a businessman. He best embodies the qualities of the commercial moral syndrome with his willingness to innovate. Among the precepts of the commercial moral syndrome says that one should be open to inventiveness and novelty. There should be a willingness to try something new and keep redefining the current state of things. Branson, for all his successes, could have just chosen to rest on his laurels and enjoy the fruits of his hard work. But the need to raise the bar keeps him on the top of his game. This perhaps is the hallmark of every great businessman. The willingness to create something new, and accept the risks that go with it are what sets the Branson from the rest of the crowd and is perhaps the main reason for his success. Branson acquires resources and riches by engaging in business under a free market economy, and he expands on his territory by using what he has earned as funds in order to acquire more. He enters into agreements and partnerships to diversify and knows how to invest productively and is optimistic even as he takes calculated risks. Branson is a model for the commercial moral system because he represents all the best that this system embodies. He is perhaps one of the best arguments for this model. Branson has proved that with the right attitude, anyone can be successful businessman, even a school drop-out like he is. Indeed the concept of a dichotomy in business and government entities is dictated by the circumstances wherein they are being used. One model or syndrome is not necessarily better over the other because they were made for entirely different reasons. Guardian precepts are designed to strengthen the individual against fear and weakness, but it should be tempered with a strong sense of fairness and justice. The best guardians are that person who, while believing in the necessity of force, exhausts all peaceful means before using it. Force should always be a last resort, and must never be used to advance any selfish interests. Conversely, commercial precepts are designed for the accumulation of wealth under a free market environment. But it success in a commercial model should be tempered with civic responsibility and the willingness to give back to the community and help those who have not been so fortunate in life. The two people mentioned in this paper does embody the qualities of each system. They are operating within their own zones and are successful in their own right. However, I believe that the world is far too complex to be condensed into a black and white model. While there is no doubt that Jacobs has great insights on how we act to survive and keep our turf, most things in life are not as clearly defined. Depending on the situation, we can be guardians or commercials, or a bit of both. And while the two people discussed here typify one model or another, there is no saying how long will they stay that way and how will they act if their life circumstances were any different, or if something changes in their environment. How to cite Bush and Branson: Dichotomies of Power, Papers

Develop An Understanding About The Supply Chain Strategy - Sample

Question: Discuss about the Develop An Understanding About The Supply Chain Strategy. Answer: Introduction The following report is based on procurement evaluation, which includes the strategic issues faced by the organizations in the supply chain. The organizations often make changes in the supply chain activities to avoid the unnecessary obstacles in the operation. However, as the business environment has been dynamic in the recent time, the organizations might face different supply chain issues in the operation. Thereby, to learn and analyze those issues, the report considers the organization Toyota, Australia. Due to the unfavorable market environment in the automotive sector in Australia, Toyota is facing some strategic supply chain issues in the operation. The automotive manufacturing sector remains as an extremely competitive one and, many firms are focusing on their supply chain for the sources of competitive advantages. Thereby, this paper effectively presented the findings of an exploratory research that investigated the contemporary issues associated with the strategic supply ch ain in Australia. The report discusses those issues and applies some particular theories and models. Based on the evaluation of issues and theories, suitable recommendations have been provided that would help the firm to deal with the challenges. Evaluation of the Supply Strategy It has been identified that the large car manufacturing company Toyota in Australia is on the verge of leaving the industry and soon, they are going to close their door. Even though, the organization has made it clear that government subsidy is not the issue but the dynamic market environment, which creates big challenges in the supply chain network. The supplys demand in the car-manufacturing sector of Australia is high, the suppliers know the market trends and likewise, other existing car manufacturing organizations have become accustomed with the market. However, Barney (2012) mentioned that Japanese technology based firm Toyota did not understand the market and the economic relation with trade in Australia. A put forward by Christopher and Holweg (2011), Toyota Australia with the help of partner Sixtree- in the recent time developed a dashboard that surfaces the data regarding the dynamic status of car transition through companys supply chain. Even though, the firm seeks to devel op a wide supply chain network in Australia car manufacturing sector to meet the growing demands of the customers, several attempts made by the firm failed to implement the initiative. According to Roh, Hong and Min (2014), the organization wants to run the operation in Australia, it needs to work with the suppliers, stakeholders involved and the government to determine the possible steps. The major issue, which has been identified is that Australias car manufacturing sector teeters on the overall collapse in the wake of Holdens ultimate decision to stop producing vehicles. Thus, Toyota in Australia refuses to speculate on its future in Australia in the wake of Holdens decision. As the leading supplier decided to call off the operation, Toyota is in the need of making relationship with the suppliers. Holden is the second biggest vehicle manufacturer in the nation, which produce 75000 to 80,000 vehicles. Nevertheless, mentioned that the car manufacturing organization Toyota could be able to sustain its operation with the combination of imported as well as domestic parts (Mullan et al. 2011). Hence, Shaheen and Cohen (2013) mentioned that if a single component manufacturer supplies the firm can also be a useful option for Toyota. Nonetheless, if Toyota relies on such single component supplier, another supplier with the same volume could be difficult to continue and this probably remains as the major concern for Toyotas supply chain network in Australia. In addition to this, it is also observed that Toyota finds the supplier challenge due to the presence of other car manufacturing organizations in the sector. This means the organization faced the deficiency of suppliers and they failed to build a long-term relationship. The existing suppliers already have relationship with other car-manufacturing firms. Conversely, Ghadimi et al. (2012) mentioned that as Toyota has large market share in the Asian nations and thereby, a large proportion of the profits come from the Asian markets. Due to this factor, the firm did not pay the required attention to the competitive Australian market. The firm would have fulfilled the suppliers needs if the demands of products were observed to be high in the Australia market. In addition to this, even though Holden was the one major supplier of Toyota, the firm did not make or come into any long-term relationship with Holden. Moreover, the organization also did not pay required attention to other suppliers. Bennett and Klug (2012) mentioned that the reluctant nature of Toyota in Australian market observed because the firm did not experience high demands in the market. In this context, Dodgson et al. (2011) also mentioned that dynamic market environment and presence of lar ge competitors like Ford, Mitsubishi are the reason of poor market share of Toyota. Therefore, it can be mentioned that poor demands of vehicles created an indirect impact on the supply chain activities of Toyota. Application of theory and concepts The automotive sector in Australia has undergone a transformational evolution over the last two decades. In this context, Timmer et al. (2015) commented that conventional technique for developing an automotive supply chain requires a wholly, integrated as well as the lean materials. Historically, it is observed that supply chain operated under a Push model and hence, in this model the marketing as well as sales covers an appropriate speculation at the market demand and then feed the forecasts into the design to make model production volume. In this context, Farahani et al. (2014) commented that due to the boom of internet, the data has become much more accessible to both consumers and the manufacturers. The following are the supply chain theories and models that can be applied to Toyotas contexts. Lean supply chain The term lean refers to the series of activities or solution to decrease waste, as well as minimize the non-value added operation. In this context, Olugu and Wong (2012) commented that leanness referred to the action of developing a value stream to reduce all waste with the inclusion of time and ensure a level of schedule. However, in this context, Tian, Govindan and Zhu (2014) mentioned that lean is a systematic approach to identify and eliminate waste. It is also observed that lean is a supply chain strategy that manufactures just what and how much is required. The major objective of such supply could be realized by embedding the basic contents of data communication on stocks, delivery plans and fluctuation in the frame of Just in Time. The purpose of such integration is to ensure the commitment to quality and cost, gain least distortion of approaches and usual delivery of small amount of orders. It can be added that lean based philosophy is in general applied when the marketers could predict the demands of market. In addition, such philosophy is applicable when the decisions of buyers usually depend on the lowest price. In the case of Toyota, it is observed that even though the organization faced the crisis of suppliers in the market, it maintained thewaste management through the lean supply chain practices. This means the suppliers who provide services to Toyota, have to follow the principles of Toyotas supply chain practices. Toyota asks its suppliers to reuse the wasted materials in the next part of the entire shield. So that the excessive use of resource can be controlled. Leagile supply chain It has been observed that several studies have demonstrated that lean as well as agility supply chain practices could be integrated in a variety of ways and this happens due to the general characteristics embedded with each theory. These characteristics can be linked to evolve a new manufacturing paradigm with the name of leaglie. Hence, Naim and Gosling (2011) defined legality as the combination of lean and agile paradigm within the whole supply chain practice by positioning and documenting point to perfectly meet the need for responding to a volatile demand. Kraljic Portfolio Purchasing Model Kraljic Portfolio model helps remains useful for the purchasers, as it helps the purchasers to minimize the supply security and decrease the cost by making the most of their purchasing power. Thus, in implementing so, the procurement moves from being a transactional activity to a strategic activity; this is because purchasing should be supply chain management. The application of the model has been discussed in the following. Purchase Classification While applying this model, the organization needs to classify all of the commodities, products, components as well as services that the firm is supposed to purchase in accordance to the supply risk and potential profit impact. Supply risk could remain high when the item is a scarce raw material, at the time when the availability can be affected by instability or natural disaster (Padhi, Wagner and Aggarwal 2012). Thereby, hence, delivery logistic are difficult as well as it could easily be disrupted. Likewise, the profit impact could also remain high when the items increase the significant value to firms output. This occurs as it makes up a high proportion of the output and it has direct impact on the quality. For example, the vehicles used by a high end-clothe manufacturer. Strategic items- This usually include (high profit impact and high supply risk) These items usually carry the most attention from the purchasing managers. Hence, the aspects in the form of options involve the long-term supply chain relationship (Ferreira, Arantes and Kharlamov 2015). The supply chain executives and managers have the opportunity to analyze as well as manage the risks on a regular basis for the purpose of contingencies. Leverage items- Hence, the managers or the organization should use the full purchasing power by substituting the products and by placing high volume orders. Bottleneck items (Limited profit impact and increasing supply risk) In this phase, the firm could use the approach of over-ordering when the items are available and the firm needs to look for the ways to control the vendors. However, in the context of Toyota, this approach could be unreliable because the availability of raw materials is restricted. Thus, the firm finds it difficult to deal with growing demands of vehicles and dynamic market environment. No critical-items- (Limited profit impact and low supply risk)- The approaches for buying such items could include use of standardized product items, optimization and supervision of inventory levels (Padhi, Wagner and Aggarwal 2012). In a competitive market like Australia, it is difficult for Toyota to stock the standardized products when the demand of vehicle is low due to the changing market needs. Moreover, the firm might not run the operation where the profit is limited but the cost of operation is high due to the increased cost of raw materials. Market Analysis Hence, the firm needs to investigate how stable and demanding the suppliers and the purchasing power that the firm has as their customers. In Australian automobile sector, Toyota observes a high supplier power, as suppliers are limited in the market, but the market has many players. For example, the major supplier Holden has several key customers like Ford, Mitsubishi. Thereby, Toyota is left with limited options when it comes to suppliers. Action plan Hence, the firm needs to develop an implementation plan for each of the products as well as materials on a regular basis. This approach is further divided into three different steps discussed below. Exploit- Here, the organization needs to make the most of their buying power to acquire good price as well as long-term contracts from few suppliers; thereby, they could reduce the supply risks engaged in these items (Knight, Tu and Preston 2014). Balance-Hence, the organization needs to maintain the balance status between the exploitation approach as well as the diversification approach. However, Toyota here finds the challenge of diversification; it cannot apply diversification because the organization is largely dependent on its core business. Diversity- In order to minimize the supply risk by acquiring alternative suppliers, the firm should depend on its core suppliers (Drake, Myung Lee and Hussain 2013). Hence, the firm could maximize its buying power by fulfilling by a single supply power. Nonetheless, in Toyotas case, the major supplier Holden stopped producing the items. Toyota is left with the options of relying on the small and medium size suppliers. It is observed that the physical flow of supply chain might include the information and the process associated with the status and the shipping of physical items in the inventory. As put forward by Estampe et al. (2013), in the supply chain practice of physical flow items, the components manufactured by the suppliers and shifted through inbound logistic to accumulate the plant. Carter, Rogers and Choi (2015) specified that at the assembly plant, a vehicle usually goes through the body shop, shift to the paint shop and then finally to the assembly. Eventually, it goes through the inspection phase. After all these procedures, once these vehicles have been produced, the product is transported to the dealership through outbound logistics. Similarly, in the context of Toyota, the physical flow of supply chain consists of the suppliers, inbound logistics, outbound logistics, production as well as the dealers. Suppliers As put forward by Wong, Boon and Wong (2011), the significant precondition to build supply chain practice requires a stiff integration of production schedule of suppliers, which amalgamated to the production schedule of customers. Hence, under this model, the suppliers usually deliver several parts and components that might fit into the vehicles and these elements generally obtained through outbound logistic network, where the organization has many tier-one suppliers. In Australia, Toyota has limited number of suppliers and they are located in remote geographical areas; thus, the time for parts required to arrive from each supplier could vary largely. Moreover, in Toyotas operation, it is observed that regional suppliers could be one or two days away from the assembly plant, while the suppliers located in the overseas area could require several weeks to shift the components to the factory or assembly plant. Olugu and Wong (2012) mentioned that such process could result in suppliers as well as customers acquiring inventories to keep a balance between the variability and the lead-time in the production timeline. Toyota, to ensure the flexibility and deal with the challenge of lead-time, implements the ideas such as supplier parks and modularization to minimize the lead-time needed to manage the possible deviation between the received order as well as plant production. The entire process of assembling the vehicles depends on delivery of components, w hich should be on time. Toyota follows the practice of Just in Time for the suppliers to distribute the ordered components of customers. Inbound and outbound logistics Carter, Rogers and Choi (2015) described logistic in a way where a connection between the supply chain and its sub-system remains visible. While focusing on Toyotas supply chain system, it has been identified that two general types of logistic functions in new vehicle supply chain are discovered-inbound and outbound logistics. In outbound logistic, car distribution of Toyota from the assembly plant of the vehicle to dealers is done appropriately, as such practice effectively maintains the awareness of the whole vehicle supply chain system by having a control over the lead-time from the plant to the customers. In this context, lugu and Wong (2012) commented quantity between the lead-time of production and the lead-time of distribution remains little, hence, customers only concern is the arrival of merchandise. Recommendation- Strategic Plan The above-mentioned discussion helps to conclude that the organization Toyota has some significant issues in the supply chain network. To resolve or deal with such issues, the organization should implement the following strategies. Develop alliance with the key suppliers When a business is largely dependent on the suppliers, it should closely work with the suppliers and this is known as supplier relationship management. Hence, Toyota needs to use the two-way communication, which requires both buyers as well as suppliers to collaboratively manage the relationship. To form such relationship, the firm needs to provide techniques to make sure that the relationship remains healthy and vibrant. This means, the purchaser and suppliers both need to ensure that their needs are fulfilled. The organization should ensure that their suppliers demands are satisfied and they are happy working with their customers. Both the parties in such relationship should create a platform for the problem resolution, where all issues and problems can be resolved. To do this, the firm could enhance continuous enhancement goals with the objective of achieving value for both parties. Engage in collaborative strategic sourcing- This strategic sourcing remains as the cornerstone of successful supply chain management. However, it is identified that but a collaborative strategic sourcing initiative could produce better outcome. Instead of considering strategic sourcing as just for the purchasing department, best in-class should try to have internal customers who are actively involved in the decision making process. In order to implement such initiative, the organizations both the supplier and purchasers need to solicit feedbacks as well as the information about their objectives and the strategies. Appropriately align and staff the supply chain organizations- It often becomes difficult to manage the supply chain function in a manner, which could increase its effectiveness and bring equal benefits to the firm. The organization could adopt a hybrid approach that combines a centralized strategy to acquire consensus with the centralized implementation to enhance service. Likewise, another emerging trend that the firm could include the placement of contract management, forecasting, demand planning and the supply chain leader. However, whatever structure, the organization adopts, appropriately staffing the supply chain network remains vital to success. Furthermore, it can also be added that enhancing staff members supply chain management skills and knowledge always remains as the priority but the senior leaders should focus on the strategy and they should be less concerned regarding the transactional capability. In addition, as the supply chain leaders tend to move up to join their organizations management team; thereby, they might have additio nal characteristics. Nevertheless, the firm could hire supply chain managers who acquire strong communication as well as relationship management skills. Hence, the leaders must think strategically and focus on the value creation. Utilization of technology In the advancement of technology, the organizations should take advantages of technology to make the supply chain practice more efficient. The organization needs to structure the workflow and implement the process with the help of selected technology. However, before implementing such practice, they need to review the processes or the practices that require enhancement. Based on the review, they need to select the technology that perfectly satisfies the processing needs. Australian market is technologically developed and thereby, Toyota might not find any challenges in terms of the technology. Particularly, the firm could implement the technology called enterprise resource planning with the information and as the solution, the firm might not find the difficulty in retrieving the type of data that they require for making the strategy effective. In addition to this, in adopting technology in the supply chain process, the supply chain managers should play the major role in finding ways to implement technology to manufacture beneficial information to perform different work arounds. The managers needs to recognize the significance of an efficient purchase to pay process and utilize the strategies to acquire benefits. Develop a governing supply chain council The major purpose of a governing council is to provide direction as well as help to align the supply chain strategy with organizations overall strategy. In the council, the membership needs to include the leader of the supply chain firm and the corporate executive, the production unit manager and other leaders. The council needs to hold scheduled meeting on a daily basis. On the other side, it is also observed that supply chain firm has often been seen struggling for the recognition as their objectives and strategies differ from their firms own objectives and strategies. Thus, a governing council could prevent that from occurring by delivering constant, consistent validation that supplies chain strategy, which could directly correlate with the corporate strategy. Moreover, the council could help to withdraw the barriers to achievement that remains within the organization. Most of the organizations face such challenging or difficult situation that does not accept the value that a supp ly chain should provide. Thereby, by identifying these challenges, the members of the council make sure that supply chain organization provided with the scope to implements its potential. References Barney, J.B., 2012. Purchasing, supply chain management and sustained competitive advantage: The relevance of resource?based theory.Journal of supply chain management,48(2), pp.3-6. Bennett, D. and Klug, F., 2012. Logistics supplier integration in the automotive industry.International Journal of Operations Production Management,32(11), pp.1281-1305. Carter, C.R., Rogers, D.S. and Choi, T.Y., 2015. Toward the theory of the supply chain.Journal of Supply Chain Management,51(2), pp.89-97. Christopher, M. and Holweg, M., 2011. Supply Chain 2.0: managing supply chains in the era of turbulence.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management,41(1), pp.63-82. Dodgson, M., Hughes, A., Foster, J. and Metcalfe, S., 2011. Systems thinking, market failure, and the development of innovation policy: The case of Australia.Research Policy,40(9), pp.1145-1156. Drake, P.R., Myung Lee, D. and Hussain, M., 2013. The lean and agile purchasing portfolio model.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,18(1), pp.3-20. Estampe, D., Lamouri, S., Paris, J.L. and Brahim-Djelloul, S., 2013. A framework for analysing supply chain performance evaluation models.International Journal of Production Economics,142(2), pp.247-258. Farahani, R.Z., Rezapour, S., Drezner, T. and Fallah, S., 2014. Competitive supply chain network design: An overview of classifications, models, solution techniques and applications.Omega,45, pp.92-118. Ferreira, L.M.D., Arantes, A. and Kharlamov, A.A., 2015. Development of a purchasing portfolio model for the construction industry: an empirical study.Production Planning Control,26(5), pp.377-392. Ghadimi, P., Azadnia, A.H., Yusof, N.M. and Saman, M.Z.M., 2012. A weighted fuzzy approach for product sustainability assessment: a case study in automotive industry.Journal of Cleaner Production,33, pp.10-21. Knight, L., Tu, Y.H. and Preston, J., 2014. Integrating skills profiling and purchasing portfolio management: An opportunity for building purchasing capability.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.271-283. Lengnick-Hall, M.L., Lengnick-Hall, C.A. and Rigsbee, C.M., 2013. Strategic human resource management and supply chain orientation.Human Resource Management Review,23(4), pp.366-377. Martnez-Jurado, P.J. and Moyano-Fuentes, J., 2014. Lean management, supply chain management and sustainability: a literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,85, pp.134-150. Mullan, J., Harries, D., Brunl, T. and Whitely, S., 2011. Modelling the impacts of electric vehicle recharging on the Western Australian electricity supply system.Energy policy,39(7), pp.4349-4359. Naim, M.M. and Gosling, J., 2011. On leanness, agility and leagile supply chains.International Journal of Production Economics,131(1), pp.342-354. New Cars Toyota Australia: Prices, Service Centres, Dealers, Test Drives. (2017).New Cars Toyota Australia: Prices, Service Centres, Dealers, Test Drives. [online] Available at: https://www.toyota.com.au/home [Accessed 25 Oct. 2017]. Olugu, E.U. and Wong, K.Y., 2012. An expert fuzzy rule-based system for closed-loop supply chain performance assessment in the automotive industry.Expert Systems with Applications,39(1), pp.375-384. Padhi, S.S., Wagner, S.M. and Aggarwal, V., 2012. Positioning of commodities using the Kraljic Portfolio Matrix.Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management,18(1), pp.1-8. Roh, J., Hong, P. and Min, H., 2014. Implementation of a responsive supply chain strategy in global complexity: The case of manufacturing firms.International Journal of Production Economics,147, pp.198-210. Sarkis, J., 2012. A boundaries and flows perspective of green supply chain management.Supply Chain Management: An International Journal,17(2), pp.202-216. Shaheen, S.A. and Cohen, A.P., 2013. Carsharing and personal vehicle services: worldwide market developments and emerging trends.International Journal of Sustainable Transportation,7(1), pp.5-34. Tian, Y., Govindan, K. and Zhu, Q., 2014. A system dynamics model based on evolutionary game theory for green supply chain management diffusion among Chinese manufacturers.Journal of Cleaner Production,80, pp.96-105. Timmer, M.P., Dietzenbacher, E., Los, B., Stehrer, R. and Vries, G.J., 2015. An illustrated user guide to the world inputoutput database: the case of global automotive production.Review of International Economics,23(3), pp.575-605. Wilhelm, M.M., 2011. Managing coopetition through horizontal supply chain relations: Linking dyadic and network levels of analysis.Journal of Operations Management,29(7), pp.663-676. Wong, C.Y., Boon-Itt, S. and Wong, C.W., 2011. The contingency effects of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between supply chain integration and operational performance. Journal of Operations management, 29(6), pp.604-615. Xia, Y. and Li-Ping Tang, T., 2011. Sustainability in supply chain management: suggestions for the auto industry.Management Decision,49(4), pp.495-512.

Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Example Essay Example

Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Example Paper Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Introduction Objective: Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye. Introduction: The retina contains two types of light detecting cells: rods and cones. Cones provide the eye’s colour sensitivity, rods, though more sensitive than cones do not detect colour. There is an area on the retina with a much higher density of cones called the fovea. When an object is observed its image is focused on the fovea. The fovea is a 0.3mm diameter area containing on rods and very thin densely packed cones. Cones can be divided into three types; one type detects each of red, green and blue light. The green and red cones are concentrated in the fovea centralis. Find the separation between two cones of the same type on the fovea of the eye by using the resolving power of the eye Essay Body Paragraphs To measure the separation between two cones in the eye we can use the resolving power of the eye, for two objects to be resolved optically the viewer must be able to clearly differentiate two distinct bodies. (Rayleigh’s criterion:? =?/d) Critical case shown where objects are just resolved For two light sources of the same wavelength to be resolved the light must stimulate two cones on either side of one unstimulated cone. Resolving power due to a circular aperture can be calculated by:? = 1.22? d Where:? = resolving power of optical instrument? = Wavelength of light d = diameter of aperture The resolving power of the eye will not be as high as this calculated theoretical resolving power as although the optical equipment of the eye may be of this power the eye’s detection facilities give the brain discreet not continuous signals and so the actual resolving power of the eye will never reach this theoretical value even if the optical facilities of the eye are perfect. As a result we must calculate the separation between two cones using:? = s Where: s = separation r r = distance Plan: Factors identified affecting the experiment: The separation of the two light sources. I will vary this to produce a range of distances from which the objects can be resolved. The perpendicular distance that the viewer of the light sources can be from them and still completely resolve them. This will vary as a direct result of changes to the separation of the light sources. The size and shape of the light sources. I will control this by shining the light through measured apertures made in black acrylic. I will control the size of the apertures by using a 1mm drill bit to create the holes through which the light sources will be shone, this will also ensure the sources are of a constant shape. The amount of light that is reflected. I will use a black background surrounding the light sources to ensure that only a minimal amount of light is reflected. The brightness of the two light sources must be equal to each other, I will achieve this by connecting the light sources in series to the same power source. The brightness of the light sources must be constant as it is easier to resolve brighter objects. I will control this factor by keeping the voltage of the power source constant. The wavelength of light must be kept constant by using the same equipment (same L.E.D.s) for each repeat of the experiment. This must be controlled as different colours of light stimulate different cones on the retina and also the wavelength of light affects the calculated value for the resolving power of the eye. The height of the eye relative to the light sources must be constant and perpendicular. This will be controlled by having the light sources at a height of 1 metre and having the viewer use a metre ruler as a guide to the height of their eyes when resolving the light sources. The size of the eye and the strength of eyesight must be constant throughout the exp eriment. This will be achieved by using the same observer throughout the procedure and carrying out the procedure in a single session. The brightness of the environment must be constant. This will be kept constant by carrying the experiment out in a single session. Also the environment will be kept as dark as possible to maximise the resolving power of the eye and so optimise the accuracy of the results. The diameter of the pupil must be kept constant and as large as possible to allow as much light into the eye as possible. This will be kept constant as a direct result of controlling the brightness of the environment. (Variation of 1mm to 10mm possible.) Method: Set up the apparatus as shown in the previous diagram, switch on the power pack at 3.00v. Turn off the lights in the room and block out daylight coming from any windows or doors. Allow 2 minutes for the eyes to adjust to this darkness and do not allow any light into the room from this point up until the end of the procedur e. The viewer of the lights must then stand on the masking tape and back away from the light sources following the masking tape using a metre ruler as a guide to the height of their eyes. The viewer must back away until they are at the point where they can just resolve the two light sources. This point must then be marked on the masking tape using the metre ruler as a guide. Repeat the experiment for this separation three times to obtain a reliable result and eliminate any anomalous results. Three is enough results to obtain a good average result as long as all the results are relatively close together. Remove the acrylic and replace with another piece of acrylic with holes of different separations and repeat the above procedure. 5 different separations must be used as six results are sufficient to plot a straight-line graph and the sixth result can be 0,0. Less results than this may not produce an accurate gradient and more results would be surplus to requirements. When the experim ent is completed measure the marks recorded on the tape for distances and then calculate an average distance for each separation. Plot a line graph of separation against average distance. The graph is plotted to produce a gradient to obtain a value for the resolving power of the eye the graph will reduce any overall errors in the experiment. Separation of apertures is to be measured with a travelling microscope accurate to?0.005mm, this measuring equipment is to be used as it is the most accurate available to me in the lab and so will reduce the errors in my results by as much as possible. The other measurement to be taken is the distance from the objects from whence they can be resolved. This is to be measured using a measuring tape accurate to?0.5cm this is sufficiently accurate as it is a very small error compared to the overall distance and so will not detract significantly from the accuracy of my results. When the results have been taken the calculation shown overleaf will be u sed to calculate the separation of two cones on the fovea. Safety: Electrical equipment must be used with care and it must be ensured that no water is brought into contact with it. Care must be taken whilst carrying out a procedure in a darkened room, ensure all sharp corners and protruding objects are cleared. Calculation: Equation 1:? = s R? = resolving power of the eye in radians s = separation of apertures r = Distance away from light sources when resolving is just possible Equation 2: s’ = r’? s’ = separation of 3 cones r’ = radius of the eye? = resolving power in radians Separation between two cones = s’ 2 Theoretical? = 1.22? D? = wavelength of light D = Diameter of pupil Assumptions: Assume pupil size is constant Assume diameter of the eye is 26mm Assume no aberrations of the eye Assume room is pitch black Assume L.E.D.s are of constant brightness Assume apertures are spherical Assume all eyes work the same Assume average green wave length Assume only one wavelength from L.E.D. Assume pupil size is constant Assume light source is perpendicular Assume light crosses at the centre of the eye Assume cones are all of equal size and shape. We can assume this as cones are densely packed in the fovea Assume refraction at the entrance to the eye is zero. We can assume this as distance r is relatively large compared to the separation of the light sources so we can assume that the light entering the eye is perpendicular to the lens. As a result we can assume similar triangles: Test: I carried out a preliminary experiment using this procedure and found the separation of two cones to be 3.57?10-4m. As this is a factor of 10 away from the literature value for separation I will now alter my procedure by increasing the voltage of the power pack to 6.00v to increase the brightness of the L.E.D.s and so optimise the resolving power of the eye. I will test the accuracy of my results by carrying out the experiment in a brigh t room, resolving two black objects of a similar size to the apertures used in my procedure. Resolving power in this situation should be less than resolving power calculated in the results. Conclusion:? = s = gradient = 3.125?10-4 r Separation of cones = r r = 1.3?10-2 = 4.062?10-6m = separation between 3 cones?2 = 2.03?10-6m = separation between 2 cones Errors: This value is appropriate but it must be taken into account that the following errors will affect the final value: Equipment Tape measure accurate to? 0.01m 0.05? 100 = 3.13% Use of tape measure accurate to? 0.05m 1.60 Travelling microscope accurate to? 0.01?10-3m 0.01?10-3m? 100 = 2.27% Use of travelling microscope: error as above. 0.44?10-3m Other errors Assumption that the eye is 1.3?10-2 radius is a statistical average value and so may vary considerably. Refracted angle is negligible is an assumption which will affect the accuracy of the results as using this assumption we can use similar triangles to calculate the separ ation of two cones. Given these errors be taken into account my value is close enough to the literature value for the separation of two cones to confirm that my procedure was valid. 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Education in Sudan

Education in Sudan Free Online Research Papers Representation of the Sudans Education A work of literature can not be separated from the context in it occurred. The context of the work of literature includes two main dimensions: the dimension of time and the dimension of space (place). Season of Migration to the North takes place in the first half of the last century on Sudan. Some of the incidents occurred during the period on which the narrator or Mustafa Saeed were outside their homeland living in England .The novel reflects the actual historical facts about Sudans education in that period Education is crucial in any type of society for the preservation of the lives of its members and the maintenance of the social structure (Rodeny ,et.al,†¦. ). Education is a crucial aspect for the life of any nation as it is the case for the Sudanese. The importance of education came from the fact that its influence is huge on many different aspects of the Sudanese life. Im going to cover this crucial aspect of life by the analysis which will depend mainly on what it was mentioned about education within the text of Season of Migration to the North† and I will connect these indications about the status of education in Sudan with the real information which we get from history books. During the first half of the twentieth century, educational institutions were, for the first time, introduced by the colonial power (England) to the Sudanese culture. Apparently, the population of Sudan who was not acquainted to the colonial educational system (a system that served the colonial power’ plans) did not perceive the idea easily. The people feared sending their own children to schools as was explicitly mentioned in p.20of the novel: That was the time when we first had schools. I remember now that the people were not keen about them and so the government would send its officials to scour the villages and tribal communities while the people hide their sons. They thought of schools as being a great evil that had come to them with the armies of occupation The colonial schools system was originally introduced to Sudan for the purpose of training Sudanese to participate in the domination and the exploitation of their own nation, for the purpose of creating inferiority complex, and of creating confusion. The main purpose of colonial system was to train Africans to participate in the domination and exploitation of the continent as a whole. Colonial education was education for subordination, exploitation the creation of mental confusion and the development of underdevelopment (Rodeny,et.al,†¦.) The colonial educational system was involved in creating an alienated Sudanese class in their own homeland In Rodeny ,Corbal and Ngugi as guides to Africa post colonial literature ,we were told that the most alienated in Africa were the educated Africans The educated Africans were the most alienated Africans on the continent. At each further stage of education, they were buttered and succumbed to the white capitalist system, and after being given salaries they could then afford to sustain a style imported from outside.. That further transformed their mentality. One may think of the reasons that made these educated African alienated from their society, about their role in the development of their underdeveloped country and their loyalty †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc. The first reason for being alienated from Sudanese is properly the role that the educated Sudanese class played during the English occupation .The graduates of Gordon collage , which was very much like intermediate school ,were the junior government officials such as mamours†¦etc. The English commissioner gave them orders to bring in the taxes from their kinsmen. They had to opay the orders; otherwise, they will lose their jobs or they will be punished for the accuses of inflammation of mutiny against England control over Sudan. The ignorant Sudanese were so exploited to the degree that they hated their Sudanese brothers and loved the English commissioner who pretended to be full of mercy and pity .The English commissioner pretended to behave in that merciful way to avoid the fate of the previous English commissioner in Sudan who was assassinated by the patriot Sudanese . The educated were thought to be the one who exploited the nation. Secondly, the educated were alienated from the society because of their hypridity. They have a culture of their own. Their culture of inbetweenness includes both the features from the Sudanese and European cultures .They were living in the third space. Both of the narrator and Mustafa saeed can be considered alien to the people of the village. They were different in certain ways. For Mustafa Sa’eed, he was alien to the village in the literal sense of the word since he has no root in the village. The villagers knew very little about him as appears when the narrator asked his friend and his grandfather about Saeed. Their answer was that he was from Alkhortoum and he settled in the village five years ago and married Mahmoud daughter four years ago and his behaviors caused no harm. These information is so few to the degree that when you know such information about a person you actually do not know him or her .The more important aspect of his alienation is on the intell ectual level .His way of perceiving the world is different from the way the society does . This appears in many of his actions during his residence in the village such as his relation with his wife Husna, he did not treat her in the same way other men in the village did with their own wives .He acknowledged her rights to think, to be independent and to have a voice .This was never done or accepted in the village society. He also seems to be alien when he cared about giving excuses for coming to visit the narrator at noon .In the village culture ,visiting your neighbors in any time of the day ,even if it is the noon or the middle of the night or the early mourning ,is accepted without bothering yourself of making excuse. . The narrator is also alien in his way of thinking, such as his refusal to acknowledge Husna marriage to Wad Rayes while the whole population of that village accepted this marriage as a normal thing to happen. He gave Husna an excuse for her deed, but the whole society considered her deed as a shameful deed of a female done in the history of the peaceful village. The most important reason for being alienated from the Society is the fact that these educated people where greatly influenced by the education they received from the colonial school system to the degree that they believed firmly in the ideas and the believes of colonialism. The influence of the colonial educational system continued after the end of colonialism. The educated retained the ideologies, the believes and the attitudes of colonialism while ruling their homeland. We can no longer consider Sudan as independent state even after the end of military colonialism since the colonial power ruled it by the black masked faces who carried in their minds the white thoughts and believes .The colonial power left the native land but still its control of the land continued . This was stated directly in the conversation between the narrator and the retired Mamour PP52-53. The people would gumble and complain to the English commissioner ,and naturally it was the English commissioner who was indulgent and showed mercy . And in this way they sowed hatred in the hearts of the people for us , their kinsmen ,and love for the colonizers , the intruders †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Have we not become independent? Have we not become free men in our country ?Be sure ,though that they will direct our affairs from a far . This is because they left behind them people who think as they do †¦.It was the nobodies who had the best jobs in the days of the English ? The graduates from the intermediate school , specifically Gordon collage ,played a marginal role if they played any role at all in the social aspect of life , their role was merely writing essays from time to time in wall newspapers or delivering speeches in certain religious and social occasions such as the memory of the birthday of the prophet _peace be upon Him _ †¦etc or making discussions of literature in their homes and clubs taking on their consideration the fear of authority and its intensive pressure upon them . . ? . . ?345. ( ,.). If this was the case with the graduates of Gordon collage, what was the case for the graduates of the universities of Egypt, England, Lebanon†¦.etc ? The status of these graduates from foreign universities was not better than their kinsmen, the graduates of Gordon collage. They were unfortunately deprived from the most crucial thing which would probably help them to develop their homeland if they were allowed to have it .They were deprived from having a voice to oppose the corrupted orders of those in higher positions like ministers . We find the narrator telling his friend Mahjoub that: A civil servant like me can not change anything if our masters say do so _and _so we do it† It seems that its neither the educated Sudanese from villages who occupy jobs in governmental offices, nor these who are graduates of intermediate schools, nor those who graduated from primary schools were able to make the change. The question that asks itself is who is the one that has the ability to make the change, and to bring the development to the country if the educated themselves were not able to bring the change to the corrupt systems that dominate Sudan .? Is the party (the Nationalist Democratic Socialist Party) going to bring the change to the country ? When we continue reading through the same page ,we will find the answer which is negative . The party is also handicapped .Its not able to make schools nor hospitals, which are the most crucial basic infrastructure in any society .Then, what is the benefit of having a party that does not work or not able to bring development to the country . You are the head of the national democratic socialist party the party in power, so why not pour out your anger on them Mahjoub said apologetically , if it had not been for the calamities. on the day it happened we were preparing to travel in a large hospital also an intermediate boys school ,a primary school for girls , an agriculture schools and. The above quotation refers to a very important historical fact which is the lack of schools in Sudan and the centerization of schools in the main cities like Al Khartoum, Omdarman. The educated and the socialist party wanted to develop the country by developing the education system, so we find their calls to develop educational system and to build new schools in Sudan especially in villages. Mahjoub informed us about the intention of the village delegation to ask for a primary school for girls since there is non, and a secondary school for boys and a primary school for girls, this indicates that there was a primary school for boys in the small village .During the 1930s, there were only ten schools in Sudan which is a spacious country .How many students do these schools teach? Perhaps five thousands or even ten thousand students are taught in these schools and what about the rest of the nation? For sure they will be left ignorant with no education .What will be the fate of a nation with little education? The other problem which Sudan suffers from as any other underdeveloped country was the centerization of infrastructure in the main big cities especially educational institutions and the lack of these institutions in the small villages in al khourtoum and Oumdarman, the old and the new capitals of Sudan, the educational institutions are available, but in small villages ,there were no such institutions the thing that made many students walk long distance to reach the nearest school since by now you probably realize the fact that the one ( e.g. corrupted governmental officers) who is not eager to provide villages with schools is ,for sure, not eager to provide the children with transportation methods (buses cars , trains †¦.) The problem was not peculiar to the quantity of education but also to the quality of the needed education. What kind of education does Sudan need in that period of time? The answer for this question may be directly indicated by the response of Mustafa Saeed to the narrator when the later informed Mustafa Saeed that he learned English poetry during his study period in England, not engineering nor medical sciences †¦We find that Saeed was at first disappointed but later he admitted the fact that Sudan in need of any kind of education not a specific study only as indicated below: We have no need of poetry here .It would have been better if you’d studied agriculture, engineering, or medicine But we are farmers and think only of what concern us Knowledge of whatever kind is necessary for the advancement of our country This disappointment of Mustafa saeed is due to the fact that he was properly worrying about the coming destiny of the Sudan and its nation. He realized the nation’ intensive needs for agriculture, engineering and medical knowledge and he was hopping that this need would be reduced a little by the narrator, but he was greatly disappointed when he knew that the narrator studied poetry. He, as scholar in economics, did not realize the influence of poetry on the self, the only thing that matters to him is statistics, numbers He few minutes later realizes the fact that the country needed any kind of knowledge even poetry. Agricultural schools were so important and so valuable since the Sudanese were living on farming not trade nor manufacturing ,so we find Mahjoub saying that the delegation they were preparing to send in order to demand of the party who is in power or perhaps of the government directly their needs of schools and hospitals . The last thing that we can say about education as represented in Season of Migration of the North is the ideas of rulers of Sudan about the situation and their way of behaving .The ideas of the rulers of Sudan appear clearly on the education conference. They started taking of unifying curriculum even though the schools were not built yet.!!! They say: no contradiction must occur between what the student learns at school and between what the reality of the life of the people. He justifies the fact that no schools were built as away of preventing a bourgeoisie from being created but the bourgeoisie is already created .It is living far away from reality and he is one of its member . This person, who does not want to make the students feel the difference between their schools and reality, escapes the hot summer of Sudan to live in his villa in Europe. His wife also does her shopping in Europe Yet he justifies the lack of good schools by fearing of creating a remoted away bourgeoisie . All in all, the Sudanese did not accept the educational colonial system .This system was intending to exploit the society by creating an alienated class of Sudanese. The corrupted government officials also exploit the nation by controlling the nation resources. The education is a crucial aspect of the life of any nation therefore the education should be improved to bring in the development for the nation in all respects of life. References : †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.,Rodney .et.al .Guides to African post colonial literature.F-M . omoregie . English Department. University of Boston . www.thecore . nus.edu.sg/post/Africa/omeiogie 11.htm#wrz . , . . ? ? .1924-1989? .1342-1409? . . Research Papers on Education in SudanStandardized TestingBringing Democracy to AfricaInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeResearch Process Part OneHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self

Income determination Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Income determination - Essay Example ucts.2 Though there has no other research on the study of income smoothening Greenawalt and Sinkey study has helped Bank Company to provide income smoothening to loans to avoid losses that result from loan defaulters and bad debt.3 Greenawalt and Sinkey wonder why managers would want to smooth accounting incomes using loan loss provisions.4 This makes sense as it enables businesses to balance out the income when there is a boom and for the time businesses experience burst or recession. The two author provide a regression analysis data that have an R2 value of more than 0.5%.5 Therefore, the authors provide evidence into the use and success of income smoothening among large banks. Busch and Kick examine the determinant of noninterest earnings and their effect on financial risk and performance in Germany.6 Busch and Kick find out that almost all bank that exercised risk adjustment returns on its loans had positive higher income activities.7 Moreover, their study contributes empirical evidence that bank that involved in fee generating activities do so with high risk. The authors postulate that only in risking in noninterest activities that commercial bank remain relevant in the market.8 Busch and Kick argue that the increased demand for noninterest goods and services prompt bank to abandon the traditional sources of income due to the advent of new technology in communication and other areas in the economy.9 Busch and Kick proved that the noninterest activities are generating more income for the bank more than the interest-based activities.10 For this reason, the authors are advocating commercial bank to embrace the noninterest generating activities fully becaus e they bring more income and also because they have a high demand in the market. Keynes in his analysis of income determination of a country hypothesised that income is subject to fluctuation and is characterised by boom and busts.11 He questions the classical economist theories for failing to provide an

Analytical and synthetic cubism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analytical and synthetic cubism - Essay Example Cubism was founded by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, inspired by the artworks in African Sculpture, by painters Paul Cà ©zanne (French, 1839-1906) and Georges Seurat (French, 1859-1891), and by Fauves. Cubism was later divided into two branches, Analytical Cubism and Synthetic Cubism.Analytical Cubism is the first development phase of Cubism and was developed between 1908 and 1912. The Analytical phase consisted of analyzing the object and then breaking it down into basic geometric forms in the canvas.Synthetic Cubism, the second and more decorative phase of Cubism started after the Analytical phase in 1912. This phase was less complex than its predecessor phase.During Analytical Cubism the language of Cubism had become flatter, consistent, but also more ambiguous. In his portrait of Ambroise Vollard, Picasso fragmented a human figure into a number transparent geometric planes intersecting each other at a variety of angles, none of these planes giving the illusion of three dimens ionality.2 In this work, Picasso merged figure and environment, solid and void, background and foreground.â€Å"Synthetic Cubism was in part a reaction against the abstract tendency of the Analytical phase.†3 With his `Still Life with Chair Caning’ (1912, Musà ©e Picasso,Paris, France) Picasso invented a technique called collage (from the French word `coller’ meaning "to glue"). This started the second phase of Cubism known as Synthetic Cubism. Pasting pieces of paper or other material to the surface of painting is Collage. In his painting, Picasso used a piece of oilcloth. Soon both Picasso and Braque began using newspapers, wallpapers, advertising in their paintings implying that art can be created with anything and not just brushes and paint.2 During Analytical Cubism, the works produced by Picasso and Braque shared similarities in style since the objects were represented by geometric forms such as cylinder, sphere and cone. Whereas Synthetic Cubism was more like synthesizing several objects into a figure. The colors were minimum or almost non-existent in Analytical Cubism paintings. Many of the painting were entirely muted brown or grays. The main reason for this was that the two artists were concerned about geometric shapes. Synthetic Cubism on the other hand is more of a decorative phase of Cubism. Colors were reintroduced in synthetic cubism. For the decorative effort, bright colors were used, smooth and rough surfaces were contrasted with one another. Sometimes objects such as newspapers or tobacco wrappers were used in combination with painted areas.4 Abstraction was one of the main characteristics of Analytical Cubism. There was minimal resemblance with the real world as can be seen in the paintings 'Ma Jolie' (1911) by Picasso and 'The Portuguese' (1911) by Braque. The subject matter appeared to be structure of fragmented planes. In Synthetic Cubism both artists included stenciled letters, words (often pun) as a reaction against abstraction of Analytical Cubism.3 Right angles and straight-lines were mostly used in Analytical Cubism. Paintings were almost flat though sometimes in some areas the painting appeared sculptural, for instance in the painting Girl with a Mandoline' (1910), by Picasso. The synthetic phase of Cubism affirmed Cubism as a manipulative technique which plays games with both reality and perception, through the use of collage and letter stenciling. It also helped in accentuating its flatness. Picasso began to look at sculptures in a new way, due to his experience with collage, as an assemblage of parts rather than a shaped mass, which shows in the sculptures he made in 1912, riffs on the form of the guitar. Cubism as Modern Movement: Cubism is considered to be the most influential modern movement by many art critics. The reason being that Cubism gave a new meaning to looking at objects in a significantly different way from the one set during the Renaissance

African American Culture withing the NYPD Essay

African American Culture withing the NYPD - Essay Example There are various aspects that can be discussed about NYPD and this piece of work focuses on the culture within this police department with much emphasis being given to the African American culture and how it is portrayed within the police department1. Culture is basically a way of life of people and how people interact or relate with one another based on their different backgrounds in terms of race, ethnicity, nationality, beliefs and values, religion, language among other aspects that define a person or community. African American culture entails the cultural aspects or contributions of the Americans that are of African origin to the overall culture in the United States, which could be witnessed either as distinctive or as an integral part of the American culture. The African American culture is an aspect that has got its origin in Africa has had a substantial influence on the American culture through the assimilation of various cultural values most of which are beneficial. Cultural differences among people has been linked with differences in how people treat one another and this is also evident within the New York city police department where there is a very great difference in how the African Americans are treated as compared to people of other races. This, for example, can be seen in the ranking within the department among other issues in regard to general treatment where they are even accused falsely and treated in an inhumane manner to an extent of being killed illegally. The African American culture has been experienced in different ways within the NYPD. A good example is that concerning the music industry specifically rap and hip-hop. New York has been known as the capital of hip hop which has created the hip hop generation. The African American culture has facilitated the use of the hip hop music to perpetrate many aspects some of them being political in nature making it a point of concern to the New Yolk

Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern

Recognition of Facial Emotions Using LDN Pattern RECOGNITION OF FACIAL EMOTIONS USING LDN PATTERN P. Ajay Kumar Reddy1, Dr S.G Hiremath2, Dr M.N GiriPrasad3, Dr G.N Kodanda Ramaiah4 1Research Scholar, Dept of ECE, KEC/JNTUA, Kuppam,A.P,India. 3Professor, Dept of ECE, JNTU,Ananthapuramu ,A.P,India. 2,4Professor, Dept of ECE, Kuppam Engineering College, Kuppam,A.P,India. Abstract A novel LDN pattern is proposed for facial expression recognition. LDN extracts the local features from a face which is used for face analysis and facial expression recognition. It computes the directional data of face textures into a compact code. Here compass masks are used to find the directional data which helps in distinguishing the homogenous structural patterns which helps in evaluating intensity variations. Experimental results show that the LDN method provides better results with reasonably low error rates. Keywords LDN pattern, Local Directional number pattern, feature vectors, expression recognition, face descriptor, face recognition, feature, image descriptor, local pattern. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ Face recognition is widely accepted for image analysis and pattern recognition. Its significance has increased in the last decade because of its application in commercial and law enforcement. Although a plethora of research was carried to overcome the disadvantages of facial recognition system but still a lot of problems persist. The most challenging work in any facial expression recognition system is to find the face vector. The aim of identifying a face vector is to find an efficient way of representing facial images which provides robustness in recognition process. There are two approaches proposed to extract facial features in any expression recognition system. Geometric feature based Appearance based method In geometric feature method, the location and shape of different facial features are combined to form a feature vector which represents a face, whereas in appearance-based system applies image filters on whole face or some specific regions of face to extract expression changes in face image. Geometric feature method requires reliable facial features which is a hurdle to accustom in lot of situations. On the other hand, performance of appearance-based methods is degraded due to environmental variations. The proposed LDN method will robustly identify the facial expressions under various variations like sad, anger, happy, disgust, etc. à ¯Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¿ There are several techniques used in holistic class like fisherfaces and eigenfaces which are developed on PCA method. Although they are widely used their limitations to illumination and variations in poses causes a great concern in facial recognition system. Kotsia et al. [2] proposed an expression recognition system in sequences of facial images. Heisele et al. discussed about the legitimacy of the component-based methods. They expressed the face into one descriptor by extracting and computing local features from different parts of face. Zhang et al.[3] used the higher order local derivatives to get better results than LBP method. In order to overcome illumination variations and noise problems they used other information rather than depending on intensity levels. Donato et al. done a comprehensive analysis on different algorithms like LFA, PCA, Gabor wavelets, ICA to represent face images for facial expression recognition. Among them Gabor wavelet and ICA achieved the best performance. Shan c et al. presented robust LBP as feature descriptor in facial expression recognition. Though LBP is efficient in computations and robust to monotonic illumination change, its performance degrades in presence of random noise. The proposed framework for facial expression recognition is as described below. In the first stage a trained dataset is created with several facial expressions like fear, anger, sad, joy, happy, disgust etc. several preprocessing techniques are applied on these images. Then various features are extracted from face and its edges are perceived using Gaussian derivative and Kirsch masking. These features are classified and normalized using SVM classifiers. When a test image is given for recognition it is compared to the dataset and accurate images are recognized. Finally all the test results obtained are analyzed. Figure:1 Block Diagram Of LDN LDN Framework: The LDN pattern is a binary code of 6 bits assigned to each pixel of an input face image that represents the texture structures and transitions in intensity levels. The existing technique reveals that the edge magnitudes are not sensitive to lighting variations. Here we generate a pattern by using a compass mask which computes the neighborhood edge responses by utilizing the positive and negative values of those edge responses. A valuable data of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative values. These values reveal the gradient direction if the bright and dark areas in the neighborhood. The information of the neighborhood structure is provided by the positive and negative responses because the disclose the gradient path of bright and dark areas in neighborhood. The LDN generates a 6bit code every instance whenever the positive and negative responses are swapped. By using a compass mask we can compute the threshold responses in the neighborhood in 8 different directions which helps in generating a semantic descriptor for numerous textures with uniform structural pattern. Dataset The dataset images which are used for the research work are lively recorded which depict various facial expressions like anger, joy, disgust, sad, fear and happiness. Figure:2 Dataset Pre-Processing Different processing techniques are used on input images. Here kirsch masking is used for calculating edge responses. It basically extracts response in edges and rotates 45 degrees apart to obtain mask in 8 directions. A derivative Gaussian mask is used to smooth the code which helps in overcoming the illumination changes and noise. This helps in getting strong edge responses. Code Generations: LDN code is generated by analyzing each edge response of mask in its ( M0M7), particular direction. The noticeable darker and brighter areas are indicated by the highest positive and negative values. The noticeable darker and brighter regions are encoded based on the sign information. The positive directional number is coded as MSB of the code and the 3 LSB bits are negative directional numbers The LDN code is represented as, LDN(x, y) = 8ix,y+ jx,y(1) Where, (x, y) is coded central pixel of neighbourhood., ix,y is maximum positive response directional number, jx,y is maximum negative response directional number Classifier: SVM classifier is used to recognize the facial expressions and it also increases the accuracy of the facial expression recognition. It is used to calculate the perrformance of LDN method. It not only used for data mapping but it helps in making the binary decision. The proposed LDN method used directional numbers which helps in encoding the structure of face textures in efficient manner.it produces a compact code by using the sign information that is more reliable against noise, to encode dissimilar patterns of face textures. The compass masks used gives better results in obtaining the edge responses and smothen the code to overcome illumination variations. When compared with LBP and LDiP the LDN recognition rate is better in presence of noise and illumination changes.